Liquid Helium

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Helium exists in liquid form only at very low temperatures. The boiling point and critical point (thermodynamics) depend on the isotope of the helium; see the table below for values. The density of liquid helium at its boiling point and 1 atm is approximately 0.125 g/mL Liquid Helium, accessed 2007-09-12

Helium-4 was first liquefied on July 10, 1908 by Kamerlingh Onnes. Liquid helium-4 is used as a cryogenic refrigerant; it is produced commercially for use in superconducting magnets such as those used in Magnetic resonance imaging or Nuclear magnetic resonance. It is liquefied using the Hampson-Linde cycle.

The temperatures required to liquefy helium are low because of the weakness of the attraction between helium atoms. The interatomic forces are weak in the first place because helium is a noble gas. But the interatomic attraction is reduced even further by quantum effects, which are important in helium because of its low atomic mass. The zero point energy of the liquid is less if the atoms are less confined by their neighbors; thus the liquid can lower its ground state energy by increasing the interatomic distance. But at this greater distance, the effect of interatomic forces is even weaker.

Because of the weak interatomic forces, helium remains liquid down to absolute zero; helium solidifies only under great pressure. At sufficiently low temperature, both helium-3 and helium-4 undergo a transition to a superfluid phase (see table below).

Liquid helium-3 and helium-4 are not completely miscible below 0.9 K at the saturated vapor pressure. Below this temperature a mixture of the two isotopes undergoes phase separation into a lighter normal fluid that is mostly helium-3, and a denser superfluid that is mostly helium-4. (This occurs because the system can lower its enthalpy by separating.) At low temperatures, the helium-4 rich phase may contain up to 6% of helium-3 in solution, which makes possible the existence of the dilution refrigerator, capable of reaching temperatures of a few mK above absolute zero.

{] !! Helium-3 || 5.2 K || 3.3 K|-| [Boiling point at 1 atm ] pressure ] transition temperature at saturated vapor pressure ]|}

References

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External links



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Liquid helium - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Helium exists in liquid form only at very low temperatures. The boiling point and critical point depend on the isotope of the helium; see the table below for values.

Liquid Helium
Harvard DEAS Safety Information ... Most of what appears below was taken from the Air Products ’ website (http://www.airproducts.com/) with its permission.

Helium - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The behavior of liquid helium-4's two fluid phases, helium I and helium II, is important to researchers studying quantum mechanics (in particular the phenomenon of superfluidity ...

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Liquid Helium Kamerlingh Onnes worked for many years to liquify the element which persisted as a gas to the lowest temperature. Using liquid air to produce liquid hydrogen and then ...

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As the world's largest producer and supplier of liquid and gaseous helium, Air Products is in a unique position to provide helium customers with secure, reliable supply, along with ...

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OptiStat CF - Liquid Helium Cryostat
OptiStat CF - Liquid Helium Cryostat ... The Oxford Instruments Optistat CF liquid helium cryostat and the ITC temperature controller from Oxford ...





 
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